Traffic Accident

Traffic accidents are the major issues in the Kingdom of Cambodia. The traffic accident rate has been rising year to year and it now become very serious accident that had been killing many people every year. Many problems have been accruing due to traffic accident such as:

1. Killed many people
2. Cause Injury & Handicap
3. Damaging of Private & Public Properties
4. Affect Environment 
5. Impact Society & Economic

Base on my researching and my experiences, there are three main factors contributing to the occurring of traffic accident:

1. Human errors factor
2. Vehicle defect factor
3. Bad road conditions factor

Solutions to the traffic accident in Cambodia must be mainly focused on three factors:

1. Human factor is a big concern of this issue. Promote people about traffic law through the media such as: TV, radio, newspaper or magazine. One more is community such as: school or in public places. All people should follow traffic law as speed limitation, helmet wearing, and others. Driving skill and behavior also need to be improved by being forgiveness & morality during driving.
2. Vehicle factor is another reason. We can dial with this by stop to use too old cars. Limiting the number of passengers and quantity of goods. Government should provide  free vehicle public service such as repairing and machine checking.
3. Road factor Government should build more road, fix the old road ,and put enough traffic light, road sign traffic sign along the road. Roads should be built by following international standard.

Describe about education

Tell your child that they are a smart person and have enough potential in themselves to thrive. Children really do have an amazing capacity to learn.

 Ask them if they need some help with their homework when they are doing it. When they say yes, help them and start explaining the concepts of this problem/topic.

·         Don't do the homework for them. Instead, explain what they need to know and ask questions to lead them to the answer.

·         Teach your children to keep track of their own assignments. Give them a calendar, notebook or even a piece of paper printed with the days of the week or month, and encourage them to write down assignments as soon as they receive them.

 Attend parent teacher conferences and talk to your children's teachers, either during conferences or before or after school. Join the PTA, be a band booster, attend the games if your child plays sports. Showing your own concern and effort will set a good example for your child.

·         Read to your children, especially while they are young.

·         Have books around the house. Purchased used, children's books are very affordable. Have a variety of books, but notice what interests your child and focus on that.

·         Get your child his or her own library card and teach them to use it. Let your child choose what to read for fun. For younger children, help keep track of library return dates. For older kids, teach them to keep a calendar and remind them to keep track of their own dates.

·         Do your own reading where your child will see you doing it.

You will keep up to date on their activities and show that you care. Moreover, if something is wrong at school, you can comfort them, guide them to a resolution or, if necessary, intervene on their behalf.

Although they look like fun rather than learning, there's a lot of learning hidden in games. Many board and card games require counting and math to keep score.

Traffic Volume Survey

Traffic Volume Survey

Traffic volume characteristics-Traffic volume surveys refer to the counting of vehicles to recognize quantitatively the traffic situation. An houris usually used as unit time, but shorter periods such as 15 minutes or 1 minute are sometimes used.The individual cars moving with their own purpose, but typical patterns are usually observed when they are summed up along a certain street. Such patterns are observed in hourly, daily, weekly, monthly, seasonal and annual variations. Purpose of traffic volume survey The data obtained by the volume surveys are used for the following purposes. Identification of volume and variation characteristics. Evaluation of accidents rate. Planning new facilities and traffic control scheme. Evaluation of a plan or a scheme before and after implementation, and economic evaluation. Estimation of revenue for toll roads.

Design Driver

Design Driver

Drivers are different from one another in all characteristics mentioned above.

1. Some drivers may have a low perception-reaction time butvery good visual acuity and so on.
2. Wide range of system users
3. What range of drivers use the system?
4. Ages: 16 year old to 80 year old
5. Different mental and physical states
6. Physical (sight, hearing, etc)
7. experience
8. Design Driver: driver most expected to use facility (familiaror unfamiliar?)
9. Perception reaction time 2.5s
10. Comfortable deceleration rate of 3.4m/s2
11. Allowable jerk of about 0.7m/s3 and 6/7.5 Visual Acuity

Vehicle as Source of Pollution

Vehicle as Source of Pollution

What is a motor vehicle pollution?All motor vehicles release pollutants into the air-mostly through the exhaust fumes that come out of the tailpipe when the engine operates.99.4% of all pollutants gases are invisible.Pollutants produced by vehicle exhausts include:Carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, particles, volatile organic compounds and sulfur dioxide.Moving vehicles also transmit noise.Building noise barrierEnforcing rules (in urban areas)
What you can help as a citizen?

 Service your car regularly- Maintain correct Tyre pressure - Car pool when you can- Use public transport - Walk or cycling short trip- More...
How engineers can help?- Designing roads (ones with frequent
signalized intersections) where drivers can maintain a reasonable cruising speed and do not have to accelerate and decelerate frequently.

Vehicle characteristics

Vehicle characteristics

The physical characteristics of vehicles and the proportion of various size vehicles using

the road affect the geometric design of roads.

Turning Radius and Turning Path

Every vehicle has a turning radius- the radius of a circle that is traced out by the front wheels. The radius is dependent on the design and class of vehicle.

Turning path-traced by the vehicle.The effective width of a vehicle on a turn increases-important when designing turns at intersections of roads and sharp horizontal curves.

A representative groups with their physical and operating characteristics are selected for establishing road design ASHTO has defined 20 design vehicles and recognizes four general classes of vehicles.

Designers must take into account factors such as ground clearance, overhang, vertical curvature when design transport facilities.

Classification

Elemental Classification

Driver- Every mode of transportation has a driver who control the vehicle.Varies from mode to mode (analysis&design)- Ch.2•Vehicle- Turning radius, braking distance,accelerating capabilities, etc) which influence the design and operation of the transportation facility- Ch.2•Way- every mode of transportation used specified path which is either constructed or charted.

1. Control:To ensure safety and efficiency of operation,there are system level controls imposed on the movement of vehicles.Static (No U-turn or one-way, No left-turn). Dynamic (instructions from air traffic control). 
2. Terminal:Location where vehicles of a mode stop for various reasons including. Boarding (loading) and alighting (unloading)of passengers (goods)Resting Refueling Maintenance.User: The public at large for transport at. mode The organization

Functional Classification

Classification of transportation  in terms of the different functionsFunctionally, transportation engineering can be divided into the following primarily class:

1. Traffic engineering
2. Pavement engineering
3. Public transportation
4. Transport planning
5. Transport economics

Classification

Classification

A mode of transport maybe simply defined as a means of transportation,including walking,automobile, bus, train,ferry-boat, ship, aircraft,helicopter, and so on.

Roadways and Railway

From a transportation engineer’s standpoint, the important aspects related to the roadways mode of transport include:.Safe and efficient operation and control of road traffic.Layout of roads.Structural design of the roadway (pavement).Roadway-based public transportation.From a transportation engineer’s standpoint, the important aspects related to the railways mode of transport include:. Safe and efficient operation and control of rail traffic. Layout of rail tracks.Structural design of the sub-grade on which rail track run. Planning of stations or terminals for railway vehicles

Waterways and Airways

From a transportation engineer’s standpoint, the important aspects related to this waterways mode of transport include:. Safe and efficient operation and control of ship traffic especially at and near ports. Planning and operation of ports. From a transportation engineer’s standpoint, the important aspects related to the airways mode of transport include:.Safe and efficient operation and control of air traffic especially, at and near airports. Planning and operation of airports. Orientation of runways and layout of taxiways.Planning the parking pattern aircraft. Structural design of the runways,taxiways, and aprons. Planning and operation of vehiclecirculation and parking on the land-side of airports

Transportation Engineering

Mobility has always been important to human society.All civilization built roads because human valued efficient mobility and because communication and trade were treated essential to the functioning of societies.Efficient and safety is a direct correlation in Modern Society.The lesser the rate of infant mortality, the more developed the country.Referred to table 1.Transportation does play a vital role in country’s development by facilitating trade between regions, reducing travel time costs, improving accessibility, etc.Transportation engineering here concerned with the field of building safe and efficient transportation systems.

Transportation engineering is the application of scientific processes (like observation, analysis, and deduction“Conclusion”) to the planning, designing, building,operation and management transportation facilities.There are various kinds of transportation facilities,Human-powered vehicles (like cycles)Jet-powered vehicles (like aircraft)…Handling stationary vehicles (parking lots or ports).

Any transportation system consists of various modes of travel ranging from walking to driving to use of craft to fly.One way of classifying a transportation system is to form classes of different modes of travel. Such classification is termed modal classification.All modes of travel consist of the same set of elements such as a person who drives, the vehicle is driven, the path that is used, the users who use the mode and the like. Therefore another way of looking at a transportation system could be to look at its element.Such classification is termed elemental classification.Functional classification: a transport engineer needs to analyze and design facilities to be used by vehicles or may need to determine routes of buses, or may even need to chalk out a plan of transportation – related activities.